Printed Electrodes- Graphite

Screen Printed Electrodes (SPEs) have been developed as single-use, disposable sensors for a variety of applications in environmental, industrial, and clinical analyses. Typically, in planar configuration and consisting of different layers of electrically conductive inks machine-printed on plastic, glass, or ceramic substrates, SPEs represent one of the most interesting design among electrochemical sensors.

Specification:

Description:

Screen-printing is one of the most promising approaches towards simple, rapid and inexpensive production of biosensors. Disposable biosensors based on screen printed electrodes (SPEs) including microelectrodes and modified electrodes have led to new possibilities in the detection and quantitation of biomolecules, pesticides, antigens, DNA, microorganisms and enzymes. SPE-based sensors are in tune with the growing need for performing rapid and accurate in-situ analyses and for the development of portable devices. This review (with 226 refs.) first gives an introduction into the topic and then is subdivided into sections (a) on DNA sensors (including methods for the detection of hybridization and damage), (b) on aptasensors (for thrombin, OTA, immunoglobulins and cancer biomarkers), (c) on immunosensors (for microorganisms, immunoglobulins, toxins, hormones, lactoferrin and biomarkers), (d) on enzymatic biosensors (for glucose, hydrogen peroxide, various pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters, amino acids, NADH, enzyme based sensors).

Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes:

 Conductive carbon inks have been employed for many years(1) in a variety of biosensor applications—most notably in disposable blood glucose detectors. A typical strategy involves placing an enzyme on the working electrode (either by coating the electrode or pre-mixing the ink with the enzyme) in order to enhance the electrochemical response for a given analyte. For example, most blood glucose detectors make use of a modified form of glucose oxidase on the working electrode, and this redox enzyme mediates the oxidation of glucose, thereby boosting its electrochemical signal. The surface of a screen printed carbon electrode is not nearly as pristine as more traditional electrodes fashioned from glassy carbon or pyrolytic graphite. Screen printed carbon surfaces are rough (making an exact determination of electrode area difficult), the proprietary binder compounds found in the carbon ink may introduce stray (but small) features in voltammograms, and the heterogeneous kinetics at these electrode surfaces are a bit sluggish. None of these problems are of great concern when using these electrodes for academic teaching purposes; however, the electrochemical purist is likely to find fault when comparing screen printed carbon to more expensive glassy carbon electrodes.

Screen Printed Silver-Chloride Reference Electrodes:

 The demand for commercial blood glucose detectors has also driven the development silver/silver chloride inks suitable for printing stable reference electrodes. Printed AgCl reference electrodes are most stable when used in an aqueous solution containing chloride ions, and in an academic instructional context, it is an easy matter to make sure that students work in a chloride-based electrolyte solution (such as 1.0M KCl). When using a printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode, it is important to allow the electrode to equilibrate with the test solution for at least 60 seconds before performing an experiment.

Application:

Screen Printed Electrodes (SPE) are low cost and disposable.

They include one reference electrode, one counter electrode and one or several working electrodes according to the design needed.

The working electrode can be made of glassy carbon, platinum, gold…

The SPE allows user to work with a small amount of solution (25-100 μL).

A two–electrode set-up is used for multi working electrode SPE with one shared reference electrode and one shared counter electrode.

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), which are used as economical electrochemical substrates, have gone through significant improvements over the past few decades with respect to both their format and their printing materials. Because of their advantageous material properties, such as disposability, simplicity, and rapid responses, SPEs have been successfully utilised for the rapid in situ analysis of environmental pollutants. This critical review describes the basic fabrication principles, the configuration designs of SPEs and the hybrid analytical techniques based on SPEs. We mainly overview the electrochemical applications of SPEs in environmental analysis over the past 3 years, including the determination of organic compounds, heavy metals and gas pollutants.

Nanomaterials for Defence-Security:

The detection of chemical and biological warf are agents,encapsulated in monomolecular layers of functionalized alkanethiols radiological agents, and other hazardous vapors has significant deposited on interrogated microelectronics reversibly absorb vapors, import for both the military and homeland security efforts. Small, Monolayer swelling or dielectric alteration in the thin film caused lightweight, port able, and high sensitive sensors based on by absorption of the vapor molecules causes a small current. The nanomaterials are currently being developed and evaluated, system appears to have minimal water sensitivity, but can detect harmful vapors down to the parts per billion level or lower. Gold nano particles have been investigated for use in sensors for Selectivity of the sensors can be tailored by changing the both chemical and biological warfare agents. In one example, structure and functionality of the alkanethiol. Microchips for detecting chemical, biological and radiological agents that are based on nano particles are also being developed.

Description

The particles that are used in the pharmaceutical industry are still micron size only because the nano powders in the pharmaceutical industry are still in the research stage for most of the cases but in some cases of laparoscopy and angioscopy nano powders have been used but it are not cost effective. In the recent years the demand for nano powders are increased drastically because of its wide range of applications by producing Nano powder with metals like aluminum, iron and copper. This Novel technology is used in the production of aluminum powder which has applications in aviation industry.

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Nanotechnologies for Thermal Insulation:

Micro- and nanoporous aerogel materials are appropriate for being core materials of vacuum insulation panels but they are sensitive to moisture. As a possible remedy it was produced an ultra-thin wall insulation which uses a hydrophobic nanoporous aerogel structure. Another application of aerogels is silica based products for transparent insulation, which leads to the possibility of super-insulating windows. Micro- or nano electo mechanical systems offer the possibility of monitoring and controlling the internal environment of buildings and this could lead to energy savings.

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We have built a large infrastructure that is equipped with all the required automatic machines assists us to produce the optimum quality assortment within the committed time frame. This division is further divided into various sub-units like manufacturing, designing, quality-testing, R & D, warehousing & packaging and sales & marketing. By segregating our sophisticated infrastructure, we ensure the smooth flow of processing, quality checking and other related activities. Also, the installed machinery is regularly lubricated to ensure their hassle free working.

Company Introduction:

We are privileged to have a support of highly experienced and efficient team of professionals which enable us to manufacture and supply a quality array of Carbon Nanotubes, Metal and Alloy Nanoparticles, Oxides Allied Nanoparticles and Nanoparticles. All these professionals are well aware with all the aspects of chemicals and help us in processing the best quality products. Due to the hard work and dedication of these team members, we have been able to successfully maintaining a strong hold in the industry.

Our team includes the following members:

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About Nanoshel Nanomaterial

Nanoshel LLC is a Wilmington, Delaware based nanotechnology company specializing in the commercialization of wide range of Nanoparticles and innovative materials of 21st century. Nanoshel is revolutionizing nanomaterials where traditional materials fall short.

Since 2005, Nanoshel has been exploring markets, developing innovative technologies, and providing breakthrough solutions using our Nanomaterials expertise. What’s interesting about materials on the Nano Scale – Contrary to popular belief is that size really does matter. That’s because when familiar materials are reduced to Nano proportions, they begin to develop odd properties. For example, plastics can conduct electricity, gold particles can appear red or green and solids can turn into liquids almost spontaneously at room temperature. While not all material is subject to change, the manipulation of such Nano change is a cornerstone of nanotechnology research.

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Nanoshel Consulting – Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Product Development, Strategic Consultancy and Project Management.

Biotechnology Nanotechnology research, consultancy and product development. We specialize in delivering innovative solutions to industry across the life sciences and technology sectors. Nanoshel brings together teams of leading researchers from our partner institutions and employs a unique business model to deliver commercially driven research, consultancy and problem solving for its clients. This effectively removes the project delivery risk, ensuring that our academic partners deliver to time, budget and quality.

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